目的：开发一种适用于具有非平滑相位变化的扩散加权（DW）图像的鲁棒部分傅里叶（PF）重建算法。方法：基于展开的近端分裂算法，导出了一种神经网络架构，其在经常复卷卷积实现的数据一致性操作和正则化之间交替。为了利用相关性，在考虑到置换方面，共同重建相同切片的多重重复。该算法在60名志愿者的DW肝脏数据上培训，并回顾性和预期的不同解剖和分辨率的次样本数据评估。结果：该方法能够在定量措施以及感知图像质量方面具有显着优异地优于追溯子采样数据的传统PF技术。在这种情况下，发现重复的联合重建以及特定类型的经常性网络展开展开是有益的重建质量。在预期的PF采样数据上，所提出的方法使得DW成像能够在不牺牲图像分辨率或引入额外的伪影的情况下进行DW成像。或者，它可以用来对抗具有更高分辨率的获取的TE增加。此外，可以向展示训练集中的解剖学和对比度显示普遍性的脑数据。结论：这项工作表明，即使在易于相位变化的解剖中的强力PF因子中，DW数据的强大PF重建也是可行的。由于所提出的方法不依赖于阶段的平滑度前沿，而是使用学习的经常性卷积，因此可以避免传统PF方法的伪像。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

知识图是一种表达性且广泛使用的数据结构，因为它们能够以明智和机器可读的方式整合来自不同域的数据。因此，它们可用于建模各种系统，例如分子和社交网络。但是，仍然是一个悬而未决的问题，如何在尖峰系统中实现符号推理，因此，如何将尖峰神经网络应用于此类图数据。在这里，我们通过证明如何使用尖峰神经元可以编码符号和多关系信息，从而扩展了基于SPIKE的图形算法的先前工作，从而允许对具有尖峰神经网络的知识图等符号结构进行推理。引入的框架是通过将嵌入范式组合到使用错误反向传播的训练尖峰神经网络的最新进展来启用的。提出的方法适用于各种尖峰神经元模型，可以与其他可区分的网络架构结合端对端训练，我们通过实现尖峰的关系图神经网络来证明这一点。

从样本中学习概率分布的任务在整个自然科学中无处不在。局部量子电路的输出分布构成了一类特别有趣的分布类别，对量子优势提案和各种量子机学习算法都具有关键的重要性。在这项工作中，我们提供了局部量子电路输出分布的可学习性的广泛表征。我们的第一个结果可以深入了解这些分布的有效学习性与有效的可模拟性之间的关系。具体而言，我们证明与Clifford电路相关的密度建模问题可以有效地解决，而对于深度$ d = n^{\ omega（1）} $电路，将单个$ t $ gate注入到电路中，这使这是如此问题很难。该结果表明，有效的模拟性并不意味着有效的可学习性。我们的第二组结果提供了对量子生成建模算法的潜在和局限性的见解。我们首先证明与深度$ d = n^{\ omega（1）} $局部量子电路相关的生成建模问题对于任何学习算法，经典或量子都很难。结果，一个人不能使用量子算法来为此任务获得实际优势。然后，我们证明，对于各种最实际相关的学习算法（包括混合量词古典算法），即使是与深度$ d = \ omega（\ log（n））$ Clifford Circuits相关的生成建模问题也是如此难的。该结果对近期混合量子古典生成建模算法的适用性造成了限制。

The analysis of network structure is essential to many scientific areas, ranging from biology to sociology. As the computational task of clustering these networks into partitions, i.e., solving the community detection problem, is generally NP-hard, heuristic solutions are indispensable. The exploration of expedient heuristics has led to the development of particularly promising approaches in the emerging technology of quantum computing. Motivated by the substantial hardware demands for all established quantum community detection approaches, we introduce a novel QUBO based approach that only needs number-of-nodes many qubits and is represented by a QUBO-matrix as sparse as the input graph's adjacency matrix. The substantial improvement on the sparsity of the QUBO-matrix, which is typically very dense in related work, is achieved through the novel concept of separation-nodes. Instead of assigning every node to a community directly, this approach relies on the identification of a separation-node set, which -- upon its removal from the graph -- yields a set of connected components, representing the core components of the communities. Employing a greedy heuristic to assign the nodes from the separation-node sets to the identified community cores, subsequent experimental results yield a proof of concept. This work hence displays a promising approach to NISQ ready quantum community detection, catalyzing the application of quantum computers for the network structure analysis of large scale, real world problem instances.

Neural compression offers a domain-agnostic approach to creating codecs for lossy or lossless compression via deep generative models. For sequence compression, however, most deep sequence models have costs that scale with the sequence length rather than the sequence complexity. In this work, we instead treat data sequences as observations from an underlying continuous-time process and learn how to efficiently discretize while retaining information about the full sequence. As a consequence of decoupling sequential information from its temporal discretization, our approach allows for greater compression rates and smaller computational complexity. Moreover, the continuous-time approach naturally allows us to decode at different time intervals. We empirically verify our approach on multiple domains involving compression of video and motion capture sequences, showing that our approaches can automatically achieve reductions in bit rates by learning how to discretize.

In this work, a method for obtaining pixel-wise error bounds in Bayesian regularization of inverse imaging problems is introduced. The proposed method employs estimates of the posterior variance together with techniques from conformal prediction in order to obtain coverage guarantees for the error bounds, without making any assumption on the underlying data distribution. It is generally applicable to Bayesian regularization approaches, independent, e.g., of the concrete choice of the prior. Furthermore, the coverage guarantees can also be obtained in case only approximate sampling from the posterior is possible. With this in particular, the proposed framework is able to incorporate any learned prior in a black-box manner. Guaranteed coverage without assumptions on the underlying distributions is only achievable since the magnitude of the error bounds is, in general, unknown in advance. Nevertheless, experiments with multiple regularization approaches presented in the paper confirm that in practice, the obtained error bounds are rather tight. For realizing the numerical experiments, also a novel primal-dual Langevin algorithm for sampling from non-smooth distributions is introduced in this work.

Machine learning (ML) on graph-structured data has recently received deepened interest in the context of intrusion detection in the cybersecurity domain. Due to the increasing amounts of data generated by monitoring tools as well as more and more sophisticated attacks, these ML methods are gaining traction. Knowledge graphs and their corresponding learning techniques such as Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) with their ability to seamlessly integrate data from multiple domains using human-understandable vocabularies, are finding application in the cybersecurity domain. However, similar to other connectionist models, GNNs are lacking transparency in their decision making. This is especially important as there tend to be a high number of false positive alerts in the cybersecurity domain, such that triage needs to be done by domain experts, requiring a lot of man power. Therefore, we are addressing Explainable AI (XAI) for GNNs to enhance trust management by exploring combining symbolic and sub-symbolic methods in the area of cybersecurity that incorporate domain knowledge. We experimented with this approach by generating explanations in an industrial demonstrator system. The proposed method is shown to produce intuitive explanations for alerts for a diverse range of scenarios. Not only do the explanations provide deeper insights into the alerts, but they also lead to a reduction of false positive alerts by 66% and by 93% when including the fidelity metric.

We describe a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) that simulates the flow induced by the astronomical tide in a synthetic port channel, with dimensions based on the Santos - S\~ao Vicente - Bertioga Estuarine System. PINN models aim to combine the knowledge of physical systems and data-driven machine learning models. This is done by training a neural network to minimize the residuals of the governing equations in sample points. In this work, our flow is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations with some approximations. There are two main novelties in this paper. First, we design our model to assume that the flow is periodic in time, which is not feasible in conventional simulation methods. Second, we evaluate the benefit of resampling the function evaluation points during training, which has a near zero computational cost and has been verified to improve the final model, especially for small batch sizes. Finally, we discuss some limitations of the approximations used in the Navier-Stokes equations regarding the modeling of turbulence and how it interacts with PINNs.

Earthquakes, fire, and floods often cause structural collapses of buildings. The inspection of damaged buildings poses a high risk for emergency forces or is even impossible, though. We present three recent selected missions of the Robotics Task Force of the German Rescue Robotics Center, where both ground and aerial robots were used to explore destroyed buildings. We describe and reflect the missions as well as the lessons learned that have resulted from them. In order to make robots from research laboratories fit for real operations, realistic test environments were set up for outdoor and indoor use and tested in regular exercises by researchers and emergency forces. Based on this experience, the robots and their control software were significantly improved. Furthermore, top teams of researchers and first responders were formed, each with realistic assessments of the operational and practical suitability of robotic systems.